ABSTRACT
The objective of this study was to develop Aceclofenac fast dispersible compacted pellets with improved taste and fast drug release. Pellets were prepared by extrusion-spheronization technique followed by direct compression to make compacted pellets. Formulations were comprised of sucrose, mannitol, ac-di-sol, aspartame, pine apple flavor and magnesium stearate. A mixture of distilled water and isopropyl alcohol [1:1] was used for wet massing. The effect of acdi-sol on the drug release pattern was examined and dissolution profile comparison was established. All formulations followed First order and Weibull models and f2 values indicated dissimilarity with the marketed immediate release product. Taste of compacted pellets was evaluated by a panel of 12 human volunteers. Formulation P5 was found to be an optimized formulation due to satisfactory quality attributes
ABSTRACT
In the present work a specific, accurate, precise, and reproducible UV-HPLC method was developed and validated for the analysis of Aceclofenac. This method involved elution of Aceclofenac in a mobile phase which is composed of buffer pH 6.8 [i.e. using 0.01N KH2PO4] and HPLC grade Acetonitrile [60:40]. Separation of the analyte was achieved using HPLC isocratic pump attached to the UV-VIS detectorC18, guard column and C18 column. The injection volume was 20 micro L, detected at 274 nm; flow rate: 1mL/min. Standard calibration curve was measured and found linear from 0.1 to 40 micro g/ml. The validation parameters were measured according to FDA guidelines and successful results were obtained. The presented analytical method could be employed for pharmacokinetic studies
ABSTRACT
In recent days response surface methodology [RSM] has widely been applied for development and optimization of cost effective formulations with required quality. Study comprised of three steps including micromeritic comparison of different powder blends of placebo and diclofenac potassium [DP], formulation designing with CCRD [Design Expert, version 7.0.0], and stability testing of selected formulations by using R Gui. Ten formulations [F11-F20] were developed using microcrystalline cellulose [Avicel PH-102] [X1] [13-72%], methocel K15M [X2] [6.59-23.4%] and magnesium stearate [X3] [1.32-4.68%], while responses were % friability and % drug release. Blending rate constant was determined at 3, 6, 9 and 12 minutes. The results of physicochemical parameters were found within acceptable limits. After in vitro testing at pH 1.2, pH 4.5 and pH 6.8, mechanism of drug release, kinetic analysis and statistical evaluation were carried out by model - independent, model-dependent and one-way ANOVA methods. Most formulations followed zero order kinetics at higher pH. Fickian release [0.326
ABSTRACT
Objective: To compare and correlate urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin [NGAL] with serum creatinine and creatinine clearance, as biomarkers of renal injury in type 2 diabetic patients
Materials and Methods: It was a cross-sectional study conducted at Shaikh Zayed Hospital, Lahore in the Department of Biochemistry from October 2009 to October 2010. Ninety five subjects both males and females were divided into two groups. 75 type 2 diabetic patients [33 males and 42 females] were included in the 'Diabetic' group and 20 healthy individuals were taken as 'Controls'. uNGAL was measured using Bioporto's NGAL Rapid Elisa Kit 037. Serum creatinine was estimated on fully automated chemistry analyzer. Creatinine clearance was calculated by using the Cockcroft and Gault formula. uNGAL levels were compared and correlated with the sCreatinine and creatinine clearance of the Diabetic and the Control group
Results: The diabetic group showed elevated sCreatinine and significantly low creatinine clearance along with highly increased levels of uNGAL, when compared with the controls. When correlated, uNGAL had a significant positive correlation with sCreatinine and a highly significant negative correlation with creatinine clearance of the female diabetics only
Conclusion: uNGAL relates closely with renal function markers. It may prove to be a sensitive and non-invasive biomarker for the early detection of diabetic nephropathy as well as renal injuries caused by reasons other than diabetes
ABSTRACT
Background: Serum gamma glutamyl transferase [GGT] concentration within its normal reference range has emerged as an important biomarker in the pathogenesis and diagnosis of different diseases in general population
Aim and Objective: The objective of the present study was to investigate correlation of GGT with insulin resistance in healthy people having first degree relatives as a diabetic. Determining insulin resistance in general population is difficult because of difficulties in measuring insulin levels because of its sampling precautions. Therefore, routine chemistry tests like serum GGT, triglycerides and HDL-C are chosen because they are cost-effective and sensitive to indicate the presence of insulin resistance
Subjects and Methods: A total of 100 males and females were investigated. Family history of diabetes, blood pressure and other demographic data were collected. Serum fasting lipids, glucose and liver enzymes were performed by automated chemistry analyzer. Insulin resistance was calculated from triglyceride/HDL ratio. Pearson correlation was applied to find a correlation between GGT and insulin resistance
Results: A significant differences-value <0.05 was present between serum GGT levels of controls and subjects. The male subjects were younger and showed higher values than controls for serum GGT, triglycerides and HDL which were significantly different [p-value <0.05]. GGT was correlated to insulin resistance showing weak positive correlation with insulin resistance
Conclusion: In normo-glycemic first degree relatives of diabetics, serum GGT levels were significantly higher and showed a weak positive correlation with insulin resistance in males
ABSTRACT
Objective: to evaluate the impact of pesticides on renal function tests in collaboration with liver function tests among workers of pesticide formulation and packing plants in Pakistan
Material and Methods: one hundred workers, 20-50 years of age, working at different pesticide formulation and packing units for at least one year were included in this study. One hundred healthy age and sex matched industrial workers were taken as controls. Renal function tests i.e. blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine and liver function tests i.e. alkaline phosphatase, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, gamma glut amyl transferase, total bilirubin, and direct bilirubin, were performed. Screening for hepatitis Band C virus was also done to confirm that all the samples included in current study were negative for Hepatitis Band C virus
Results: in current study, mean blood urea nitrogen value for 100 control subjects was 8.37 mg/di while that of 100 pesticide industrial workers was 12. 70 mg/di. Mean serum creatinine value of 100 controls was 0.65 mg/di and that of patient population were 0.98 mg/di. These results revealed that all the hundred pesticide industrial workers had normal blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine levels but on the higher side as compared to control subjects. P value was significantly high. The results of liver function tests in serum samples of control subjects were within normal range. Liver function tests of 80 pesticides industrial workers out of 100 were within normal range whereas 20 workers had abnormally raised levels
Conclusion: pesticide exposure among workers of pesticide plants might cause liver toxicity
ABSTRACT
Any patient above the age of 40 years, coming with the symptoms of diabetes is labelled as type 2 diabetic. If insulin levels are included in the protocol for initial investigations of diabetic patients, they can be differentiated as having insulin deficiency or insulin resistance. They can thus be treated accordingly. This study was conducted to see the prevalence of insulin resistance and insulin deficiency in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetics. This study was conducted on 75 newly diagnosed diabetic subjects, and 75 control subjects for comparison. Fasting serum insulin was assayed by ELISA and HOMA-IR index was calculated. The diabetic subjects with fasting hyperglycaemia and serum insulin level below 20 micro IU/ml and HOMA-IR index below 3.5 were grouped as insulin deficient [Group-A], and the diabetic subjects with fasting insulin level above 20 micro IU/ml and HOMA-IR index above 3.5 were grouped as insulin resistant [Group-B]. Twenty-eight percent subjects were found to have insulin level below 20 micro IU/ml while 72% subjects had insulin resistance. When gender was taken into consideration, it was seen that 18.7% males had fasting insulin level of 6.98 +/- 0.737 micro IU/ml and 9.3% females had fasting insulin level of 5.21 +/- 0.885 micro IU/ml while 32% males and 40% females had insulin resistance. The mean age of male subjects with insulin resistance was significantly higher compared to the male subjects with insulin deficiency. Mean weight and body mass index of the male and female subjects having insulin resistance was significantly higher than their respective control groups and also higher than the subjects with insulin deficiency. Pearson coefficient of correlation was calculated for fasting serum insulin level with age and BMI. A significant positive correlation was observed between fasting serum insulin and age of females with insulin resistance. A considerable number of persons who develop diabetes after 40 years of age but are not insulin resistant. Twenty-eight percent subjects have relative insulin deficiency, and 72% subjects have insulin resistance.
ABSTRACT
To evaluate the impact of pesticides on Gamma Glutamyl Transferase [GTT], Alkaline Phosphatase [ALP], Alanine Transaminase [ALT] and Aspartate Transaminase [AST] in workers of pesticide formulation and packing plants in Pakistan. One hundred workers in the age group of 20-50 years working at different pesticide formulation and packing units for at least one year were included in this study. One hundred healthy workers from other than pesticides industry, with no history of exposure to pesticides and matching age, sex and social status were taken as controls.Biochemical tests for GGT, ALP, ALT, and AST, were carried out employing Chemistry Auto analyzer. In current study, serum of one hundred control subjects indicated mean GGT value 37.19+8.07U/L. Mean GGT value for one hundred pesticide industrial workers was found to be 30.08_10.63U/L. These results revealed that all the hundred pesticide industrial workers had normal GGT levels, but on the lower side as compared to control subjects. P value was significant. Data of hundred pesticides industrial workers was taken and it was found that ALP, ALT, AST of eighty workers was within the normal range whereas the remaining twenty workers had raised level of ALP, ALT, and AST. Data of the control group showed that ALP, ALT, and ASTof all one hundred workers were within the normal range. All Pesticide industrial workers had normal GGT levels. High or upper normal levels of ALP, ALT, and AST were observed in serum of pesticide industrial workers
ABSTRACT
Background: the present study was planned to observe the hypoglycaemic effect of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer [Radix rubra] a traditional Far Eastern medicinal plant. This research was performed to study the possible role of medicinal plants in the treatment of Diabetes mellitus type
Study Design: it is a comparative and non interventional study
Study Period: from May 2004 to December 2004
Setting: Department of Pharmacology FPGMI
Subjects and Methods: 96 rabbits were divided into two main groups. Group1 of normal rabbits was further subdivided into 6 subgroups [A-F] of 8 animals each. Subgroup A served as control and received 5 ml of water only. Subgroups B,C and D were administered ginseng root powder in aqueous solution, in doses of 25, 50, 100 mg/kg body weight per 5 ml of distilled water. Subgroup E and F were administered 5 mg of glibenclamide and 250 mg of metformin each dissolved in 5 ml of distilled water respectively. The alloxan diabetic rabbits [Group 2] were also subdivided into 6 subgroups [G-L] on the same pattern. The blood glucose levels were estimated before and 2,4, 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16 hours after administration of the aqueous solutions of ginseng, glibenclamide and metformin
Results: the aqueous solution of Panax ginseng exerted a significant hypoglycaemic action [P value <0.5] at 2 hours with the 50mglkg dose continuing till 4 hours with the 100 mgkg body weight dose in the normal rabbits. In the alloxan diabetic rabbits there was statistically significant hypoglycemic action [P value <0.5] with the 50 mg/kg dose at the 12th hour proceeding till the 14th hour with the 100mgkg body weight dose. The doses used did not show acute toxicity or result in behavioral changes
Conclusion: from this study, it maybe concluded that the powdered Panax ginseng [Radix rubra] root has a significant, mild and short lived hypoglycemic action in both normal and in alloxan induced diabetic rabbits